Users, when using public-blockchain-based decentralized applications (dApps), are typically responsible for two things: Signing transactions using their private keys to invoke smart contract functions, and Paying crypto for their transactions to be executed and included in the public ledger. The second responsibility requires users to be able to acquire and…

This article discusses the design of Solidity contracts that implement the structure as illustrated in the above figure. The requirements are: To describe and operate an object (e.g., …

By Zhijie Ren and Peter Zhou Consensus mechanism is the core of any blockchain system, which determines its security and capacity of processing transactions. VeChain has adopted the Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus that belongs to the family of Nakamoto consensus and is well known for its practicality and efficiency. …

Smart contracts benefit from the immutability (of code) and decentralization (of computation) provided by blockchain. However, they inherit problems because of the same reasons. The immutability prevents developers from patching the contract code to fix the bugs that are previously undetected. Any undetected bug could result in significant disruption (e.g…

Decentralization, by definition, is the process of distributing and dispersing power in a system so that we don’t have to rely on a central authority to make decisions. It has become one of the main factors for evaluating blockchain systems. When we compare the level of decentralization of different blockchain…

This is the 7'th article of the “What you might not know about VeChainThor yet” series. You can find the links of the previous articles at the end. VeChainThor deploys the builtin contract ExtensionV2 to allow any contract method to be aware of the runtime information of the transaction that…

The Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus is a consensus algorithm that demands nodes to be authorized in order to participate in blockchain consensus. Once authorized, nodes are given equal chances to publish new blocks and gain rewards. As a result, there is no need for nodes to spend vast amount of resources…

This is the 6'th article of the “What you might not know about VeChainThor yet” series. You can find the links of the previous articles at the end. VeChainThor’s on-chain governance is about stakeholders or its governing body making decisions on some critical on-chain actions and executing those actions. (The…

This is the fifth article of the “What you might not know about VeChainThor yet” series. You can find the link of the previous article at the end. VeChainThor allows users to customize and deploy their own blockchain networks. The rest of this article consists of two parts. …